Also see 'domains of identity' at https://www.slideshare.net/Kaliya/domains-of-identity

>Napoléon's design was meant to stop nationals from leaving the country. These days it is the reverse in both meanings - the modern day passport is meant to stop foreigners entering the country.

Not exactly. At least in the US, before you can get a passport you have to get clearance from the Internal Revenue Service. Instead of testifying that the holder has completed military service, the present day US passport testifies that the hold is current on taxes.